Daily Current Affairs (MCQ) | Date 07.06.22

Q1. What is the most suitable definition of social capital?

1. A person’s wealth determines his economic class in society
2. Refers to a person’s cultural competencies
3. The social networks that a person has developed and can call upon to achieve social mobility
4. A person or group’s accumulated status within a stratified society

Answer ©

Explanation:

• A concept that explains how inequality is reproduced through the dominant social and cultural conditions that an individual is accustomed to, which then determines their position in society
• The term habitus refers to a collective entity by and into which dominant social and cultural conditions of a society are established and What one considers, ‘natural’, ‘taboo’, ‘neutral’ and ‘good’ or ‘bad’ is constructed by one’s habitus.

 Capital and Habitus:

1. In sociology, ‘capital’ refers to a person or group’s accumulated status within a stratified Economic capital refers to a person’s wealth which determines his economic class in society. Cultural capital refers to a person’s cultural competencies. Social capital refers to the social networks that a person has developed and can call upon to achieve social mobility.
2. While entering a new field, individuals carry their habitus, a combination of the economic, social and cultural capital that they were introduced to and accustomed to, along with them.

Reproducing inequality

1. Society is a multi-dimensional space with various sub-spaces. Under different contexts, an individual enters these sub- These include institutions like schools, colleges, universities, or social groups like one’s friend circles and social clubs or even workspaces.
2. While entering a new field, individuals carry their habitus, a combination of the economic, social and cultural capital that they were introduced to and accustomed to, along with them.
3. The combination of different capitals is automatically transformed into symbolic capital when they enter the field and help in determining their legitimate position in the given field according to the doxa or rules of the field.

Q2. Which of the following are social reform initiatives taken by Governor-General Lord William Bentinck (1828-1835)?

1. Abolition of Sati
2. Prohibition of Female Infanticide
3. Suppression of the Pindaris

Select the correct answer using the code given below

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer (a)

Explanation:

1. The social reforms of William Bentinck made his name immortal in the history of British These include the abolition of Sati, the suppression of Thugs and the prevention of female infanticide.

( Hence statements 1 and 2 are correct)

2. Suppression of the Pindaris is the achievement of Governor- General Lord Hastings (1813-1823). ( Hence statement 3 is incorrect)

Q3.   Consider the following statements about the Permanent Settlement

1. The zamindars of Bengal were recognised as the owners of the land
2. It gave administrative and judicial functions to the zamindars

Which of the above is/are correct?

1. 1 only
2. 2 only
3. Both 1 and 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer (a)

Explanation:

1. Lord Cornwallis’ most conspicuous administrative measure was the Permanent Land Revenue Settlement of Bengal, which was extended to the provinces of Bihar and It is appropriate to recall that Warren Hastings introduced the annual lease system of auctioning the land to the highest bidder. It created chaos in the revenue administration.

2. Cornwallis at the time of his appointment was instructed by the Directors to find a satisfactory and permanent solution to the problems of the land revenue system in order to protect the interests of both the Company and the cultivators.
3. It obliged the Governor-General to make a thorough enquiry into the usages, tenures and rents prevalent in Bengal. The whole problem occupied Lord Cornwallis for over three years and after a prolonged discussion with his colleagues like Sir John Shore and James Grant he decided to abolish the annual lease system and introduce a decennial (Ten years) settlement which was subsequently declared to be continuous.
4. The main features of the Permanent Settlement were as follows:
   1. The zamindars of Bengal were recognised as the owners of the land as long as they paid the revenue to the East India Company regularly. ( Hence statement 1 is correct)
   2. The amount of revenue that the zamindars had to pay to the Company was firmly fixed and would not be raised under any In other words, the Government of the East India Company got 89% leaving the rest to the zamindars.
   3. The ryots became tenants since they were considered the tillers of the soil.
   4. This settlement took away the administrative and judicial functions of the ( Hence statement 2 is incorrect)

Q4. Arrange the following Land revenue systems in decreasing order in terms of the area of British India covered by them

1. Zamindari System
2. Mahalwari Settlement
3. Ryotwari System

Select the correct answer using the code given below

1. 1, 2, 3
2. 1, 3, 2
3. 3, 2, 1
4. 3, 1, 2

Answer ©

Explanation:

1. After their advent, the British principally adopted three types of land tenures. Roughly 19 per cent of the total area under the British rule, i.e., Bengal, Bihar, Banaras, division of the Northern Western Provinces and northern Karnatak, were brought under the Zamindari System or the Permanent Settlement.
2. The second revenue system, called the Mahalwari Settlement, was introduced in about 30 per cent of the total area under British rule e., in major parts of the North-Western Provinces, Central Provinces and Punjab with some variations.
3. The Ryotwari System covered about 51 per cent of the area under British rule comprising part of the Bombay and Madras Presidencies, Assam and certain other parts of British India.

Q5.    Consider the following statements about  the  Ryotwari Settlement

1. Sir John Shore introduced this system in the Madras Presidency
2. In this   settlement,    the   peasant   was   recognised    as the proprietor of the land
3. It facilitated systematic revenue collection

Which of the above is/are incorrect?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 1 and 3 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer ©

Explanation:

1. The Ryotwari settlement was introduced mainly in Madras, Berar, Bombay and Assam. Sir Thomas Munro introduced this system in the Madras Presidency.
2. Sir John Shore and James Grant helped Lord Cornwallis in formulating the permanent settlement. ( Hence statement 1 is incorrect)
3. Under this settlement, the peasant was recognised as the proprietor of the land. ( Hence statement 2 is correct) There was no intermediary like a Zamindar between the peasant and the government. So long as he paid the revenue in time, the peasant was not evicted from the land. Besides, the land revenue was fixed for a period from 20 to 40 years at a time.
4. Every peasant was held personally responsible for the direct payment of land revenue to the government.
5. However, in the end, this system also Under this settlement, it was certainly not possible to collect revenue in a systematic manner. ( Hence statement 3 is incorrect) The revenue officials indulged in harsh measures for non-payment or delayed payment.

Q6. Which of the following factors are responsible for promoting the growth of Nationalism in India?

1. English Language and Western Education
2. Social and Religious Movements of the Nineteenth Century
3. The Ilbert Bill controversy

Which of the above is/are correct?

1. 1 and 2 only
2. 2 and 3 only
3. 2 only
4. 1, 2 and 3

Answer (d)

Explanation:

The following causes are responsible for the origin and growth of nationalism in India.

1. Political Unity
2. Development of Communication and Transport
3. English Language and Western Education:

The English language played an important role in the growth of nationalism in the country. The English educated Indians, who led thenational movement, developed Indian nationalism and organised it. Western education facilitated the spread of the concepts of liberty, equality, freedom and nationalism and sowed the seeds of nationalism

       4. The Role of the Press

       5. Social and Religious Movements of the Nineteenth Century:

The leaders of various organisations like the Brahmo Samaj, Ramakrishna Mission, Arya Samaj, and Theosophical Society generated a feeling of regard for and pride in the motherland.

6. Economic Exploitation by the British
7. Racial Discrimination
8. Administration of Lytton
9. The Ilbert Bill controversy

The Ilbert Bill was presented in the Central Legislature during the Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon. The Bill tried to remove racial inequality between Indian and European judges in courts. This bill was opposed by the British residents in India. Ultimately the Bill was modified. This Controversy exposed a strong inclination toward racial discrimination in the British.